Dark matter halo properties from galaxy-galaxy lensing

We present results for a galaxy-galaxy lensing study based on imaging data from the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey Wide. From a 12 million object multi-colour catalogue for 124 deg^2 of photometric data in the u*g'r'i'z' filters we compute photometric redshifts (with a scatter of \sigma_{\Delta z/(1+z)} = 0.033 and an outlier rate of \eta=2.0 per cent for i'<=22.5) and extract galaxy shapes down to i'=24.0. We select a sample of lenses and sources with 0.05 < z_d <= 1 and 0.05 < z_s <= 2. We fit three different galaxy halo profiles to the lensing signal, a singular isothermal sphere (SIS), a truncated isothermal sphere (BBS) and a universal density profile (NFW). We derive velocity dispersions by fitting an SIS out to 100 h^{-1} kpc to the excess surface mass density \Delta\Sigma and perform maximum likelihood analyses out to a maximum scale of 2 h^{-1} Mpc to obtain halo parameters and scaling relations. We find luminosity scaling relations of \sigma_{red} ~ L^{0.24+-0.03} for the red lens sample, \sigma_{blue} ~ L^{0.23+-0.03} for blue lenses and \sigma ~ L^{0.29+-0.02} for the combined lens sample with zeropoints of \sigma*_{red}=162+-2 km/s, \sigma*_{blue}=115+-3 km/s and \sigma*=135+-2 km/s at a chosen reference luminosity L*_{r'} = 1.6 \times 10^10 h^{-2} L_{r',sun}. The steeper slope for the combined sample is due to the different zeropoints of the blue and red lenses and the fact that blue lenses dominate at low luminosities and red lenses at high luminosities. The mean effective redshifts for the lens samples are =0.28 for red lenses, =0.35 for blue lenses and =0.34 for the combined lens sample.Comment: 62 pages, 55 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, abridged abstract, includes corrections from final proof. Our created catalogues (photometry, photometric redshifts and shears) are publicly available at http://www.usm.uni-muenchen.de/people/stella/GGL

Mining the gap: evolution of the magnitude gap in X-ray galaxy groups from the 3 square degree XMM coverage of CFHTLS

We present a catalog of 129 X-ray galaxy groups, covering a redshift range 0.04<z<1.23, selected in the ~3 square degree part of the CFHTLS W1 field overlapping XMM observations performed under the XMM-LSS project. We carry out a statistical study of the redshift evolution out to redshift one of the magnitude gap between the first and the second brightest cluster galaxies of a well defined mass-selected group sample. We find that the slope of the relation between the fraction of groups and the magnitude gap steepens with redshift, indicating a larger fraction of fossil groups at lower redshifts. We find that 22.2$\pm$6% of our groups at z$\leq$0.6 are fossil groups. We compare our results with the predictions of three semi-analytic models based on the Millennium simulation. The intercept of the relation between the magnitude of the brightest galaxy and the value of magnitude gap becomes brighter with increasing redshift. This trend is steeper than the model predictions which we attribute to the younger stellar age of the observed brightest cluster galaxies. This trend argues in favor of stronger evolution of the feedback from active galactic nuclei at z<1 compared to the models. The slope of the relation between the magnitude of the brightest cluster galaxy and the value of the gap does not evolve with redshift and is well reproduced by the models, indicating that the tidal galaxy stripping, put forward as an explanation of the occurrence of the magnitude gap, is both a dominant mechanism and is sufficiently well modeled

X-Ray Groups of Galaxies in the Aegis Deep and Wide Fields

We present the results of a search for extended X-ray sources and their corresponding galaxy groups from 800-ks Chandra coverage of the All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS). This yields one of the largest X-ray selected galaxy group catalogs from a blind survey to date. The red-sequence technique and spectroscopic redshifts allow us to identify 100$$ of reliable sources, leading to a catalog of 52 galaxy groups. The groups span the redshift range $z\sim0.066-1.544$ and virial mass range $M_{200}\sim1.34\times 10^{13}-1.33\times 10^{14}M_\odot$. For the 49 extended sources which lie within DEEP2 and DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey coverage, we identify spectroscopic counterparts and determine velocity dispersions. We select member galaxies by applying different cuts along the line of sight or in projected spatial coordinates. A constant cut along the line of sight can cause a large scatter in scaling relations in low-mass or high-mass systems depending on the size of cut. A velocity dispersion based virial radius can more overestimate velocity dispersion in comparison to X-ray based virial radius for low mass systems. There is no significant difference between these two radial cuts for more massive systems. Independent of radial cut, overestimation of velocity dispersion can be created in case of existence of significant substructure and also compactness in X-ray emission which mostly occur in low mass systems. We also present a comparison between X-ray galaxy groups and optical galaxy groups detected using the Voronoi-Delaunay method (VDM) for DEEP2 data in this field.Comment: Accepted for publication in AP

BRIGHTEST X-RAY CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES IN THE CFHTLS WIDE FIELDS : CATALOG AND OPTICAL MASS ESTIMATOR

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First simultaneous optical/near-infrared imaging of an X-ray selected, high-redshift cluster of galaxies with GROND: the galaxy population of XMMU J0338.7+0030 at z=1.1

The XMM-Newton Distant Cluster Project is a serendipitous survey for clusters of galaxies at redshifts z>=0.8 based on deep archival XMM-Newton observations. ... Low-significance candidate high-z clusters are followed up with the seven-channel imager GROND (Gamma-Ray Burst Optical and Near-Infrared Detector) that is mounted at a 2m-class telescope. ... The test case is XMMU J0338.7+0030, suggested to be at z~1.45+/-0.15 from the analysis of the z-H vs H colour-magnitude diagram obtained from the follow-up imaging. Later VLT-FORS2 spectroscopy enabled us to identify four members, which set this cluster at z=1.097+/-0.002. To reach a better knowledge of its galaxy population, we observed XMMU J0338.7+0030 with GROND for about 6 hr. The publicly available photo-z code le Phare was used. The Ks-band number counts of the non-stellar sources out of the 832 detected down to z'~26 AB-mag in the 3.9x4.3 square arcmin region of XMMU J0338.7+0030 imaged at all GROND bands clearly exceed those computed in deep fields/survey areas at ~20.5 - 22.5 AB-mag. The photo-z's of the three imaged spectroscopic members yield z=1.12+/-0.09. The spatial distribution and the properties of the GROND sources with a photo-z in the range 1.01 - 1.23 confirm the correspondence of the X-ray source with a galaxy over-density at a significance of at least 4.3 sigma. Candidate members that are spectro-photometrically classified as elliptical galaxies define a red locus in the i'-z' vs z' colour-magnitude diagram that is consistent with the red sequence of the cluster RDCS J0910+5422 at z=1.106. XMMU J0338.7+0030 hosts also a population of bluer late-type spirals and irregulars. The starbursts among the photometric members populate both loci, consistently with previous results. The analysis of the available data set indicates that XMMU J0338.7+0030 is a low-mass cluster (M_200 ~ 1E14 M_sun) at z=1.1. (Abridged)Comment: accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics Main Journal, 27 pages, 24 figures, 1 tabl

Weak lensing mass estimates of galaxy groups and the line-of-sight contamination

Weak lensing is an important technique to determine the masses of galaxy groups. However, the distortion imprint on the shape of the background galaxies is affected by all the mass content along the line-of-sight. Using COSMOS shear mock data we study the shear profile of 165 groups and investigate the level at which the neighbouring groups can enhance or suppress the shear signal from the main halo. Our mock data are based on CFHT and Subaru observations and the information on the galaxy groups is taken from the COSMOS X-ray catalogue of extended sources. The expected gravitational shear field of these groups is calculated assuming that the haloes follow NFW density profiles. We conclude that, on average, the signal-to-noise for a detection of the main halo is affected by ~15%x\sqrt{ngal/30} with respect to the signal-to-noise the same halo would have if it was isolated in the sky. Groups with neighbours that are close in projected distance (<1') are the most affected, but haloes located at larger angular distances also cause a measurable shear signal, which can be interpreted as uncorrelated large-scale structure. The average bias in the mass excess estimate of individual groups that is introduced by the external haloes is zero with an rms of ~6-72%, depending on the aperture size used. The shear signal introduced by large-scale structure acts as an external source of noise. The averaged uncertainty introduced is \sigma_{\gamma_t}^{LSS}~0.006 per component for an aperture size of ~5', which corresponds to 1.8% of the one-component intrinsic ellipticity value. This large-scale structure noise error becomes equal to intrinsic ellipticity noise if there are measurements for ~3000 galaxies within a certain aperture, a number that is already achieved by current deep surveys such as COSMOS and, therefore, should not be ignored.Comment: 23 pages, 20 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA

CFHTLenS: weak lensing calibrated scaling relations for low-mass clusters of galaxies

We present weak lensing and X-ray analysis of 12 low-mass clusters from the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey and XMM-CFHTLS surveys. We combine these systems with high-mass systems from Canadian Cluster Comparison Project and low-mass systems from Cosmic Evolution Survey to obtain a sample of 70 systems, spanning over two orders of magnitude in mass. We measure core-excised LX-TX, M-LX and M-TX scaling relations and include corrections for observational biases. By providing fully bias-corrected relations, we give the current limitations for LX and TX as cluster mass proxies. We demonstrate that TX benefits from a significantly lower intrinsic scatter at fixed mass than LX. By studying the residuals of the bias-corrected relations, we show for the first time using weak lensing masses that galaxy groups seem more luminous and warmer for their mass than clusters. This implies a steepening of the M-LX and M-TX relations at low masses. We verify the inferred steepening using a different high-mass sample from the literature and show that variance between samples is the dominant effect leading to discrepant scaling relations. We divide our sample into subsamples of merging and relaxed systems, and find that mergers may have enhanced scatter in lensing measurements, most likely due to stronger triaxiality and more substructure. For the LX-TX relation, which is unaffected by lensing measurements, we find the opposite trend in scatter. We also explore the effects of X-ray cross-calibration and find that Chandra calibration leads to flatter LX-TX and M-TX relations than XMM-Newto

CFHTLenS: Weak lensing calibrated scaling relations for low mass clusters of galaxies

We present weak lensing and X-ray analysis of 12 low mass clusters from the CFHTLenS and XMM-CFHTLS surveys. We combine these systems with high-mass systems from CCCP and low-mass systems from COSMOS to obtain a sample of 70 systems, spanning over two orders of magnitude in mass. We measure core-excised Lx-Tx, M-Lx and M-Tx scaling relations and include corrections for observational biases. By providing fully bias corrected relations, we give the current limitations for Lx and Tx as cluster mass proxies. We demonstrate that Tx benefits from a significantly lower intrinsic scatter at fixed mass than Lx. By studying the residuals of the bias corrected relations, we show for the first time using weak lensing masses that galaxy groups seem more luminous and warmer for their mass than clusters. This implies a steepening of the M-Lx and M-Tx relations at low masses. We verify the inferred steepening using a different high mass sample from the literature and show that variance between samples is the dominant effect leading to discrepant scaling relations. We divide our sample into subsamples of merging and relaxed systems, and find that mergers may have enhanced scatter in lensing measurements, most likely due to stronger triaxiality and more substructure. For the Lx-Tx relation, which is unaffected by lensing measurements, we find the opposite trend in scatter. We also explore the effects of X-ray cross-calibration and find that Chandra calibration leads to flatter Lx-Tx and M-Tx relations than XMM-Newton.Comment: Analysis modified to include bias correction. Updated CCCP measurements. Comments are welcome, submitted to MNRAS, 26 pages, 20 figure

A pan-chromatic view of the galaxy cluster XMMU J1230.3+1339 at z=0.975 - Observing the assembly of a massive system

We present a comprehensive galaxy cluster study of XMMU J1230.3+1339 based on a joint analysis of X-ray data, optical imaging and spectroscopy observations, weak lensing results, and radio properties for achieving a detailed multi-component view of this newly discovered system at z=0.975. We find an optically very rich and massive system with M200$\simeq$(4.2$\pm$0.8)$\times$10^14 M\sun, Tx$\simeq$5.3(+0.7--0.6)keV, and Lx$\simeq$(6.5$\pm$0.7)$\times$10^44 erg/s, for which various widely used mass proxies are measured and compared. We have identified multiple cluster-related components including a central fly-through group close to core passage with associated marginally extended 1.4GHz radio emission possibly originating from the turbulent wake region of the merging event. On the cluster outskirts we see evidence for an on-axis infalling group with a second Brightest Cluster Galaxy (BCG) and indications for an additional off-axis group accretion event. We trace two galaxy filaments beyond the nominal cluster radius and provide a tentative reconstruction of the 3D-accretion geometry of the system. In terms of total mass, ICM structure, optical richness, and the presence of two dominant BCG-type galaxies, the newly confirmed cluster XMMU J1230.3+1339 is likely the progenitor of a system very similar to the local Coma cluster, differing by 7.6 Gyr of structure evolution.Comment: 26 pages, 14 color figures, accepted for publication in A&

The Cosmic Web and galaxy evolution around the most luminous X-ray cluster: RXJ1347.5-1145

In this paper we study the large scale structures and their galaxy content around the most X-ray luminous cluster known, RX J1347.5-1145 at z=0.45. We make use of ugriz CFHT MEGACAM photometry and VIMOS VLT spectroscopy to identify structures around the RXJ1347 on a scale of 20x20 Mpc2. We construct maps of the galaxy distribution and the fraction of blue galaxies. We study the photometric galaxy properties as a function of environment, traced by the galaxy density. We identify group candidates based on galaxy overdensities and study their galaxy content. We also use available GALEX NUV imaging to identify strong unobscured star forming galaxies. We find that the large scale structure around RXJ1347 extends in the NE-SW direction for at least 20 Mpc, in which most of the group candidates are located. As other studies, we find that the fraction of blue galaxies (Fblue) is a function of galaxy number density, but the bulk of the trend is due to galaxies belonging to massive systems. The fraction of the UV-bright galaxies is also function of environment, but their relative numbers compared to the blue population seems to be constant regardless of the environment. These UV emitters also have similar properties at all galaxy densities, indicating that the transition between galaxy types occurs in short time-scales. Candidate galaxy groups show a large variation in their galaxy content and Fblue in those groups display little dependence with galaxy density. This may indicate possible differences in their evolutionary status or the processes that are acting in groups are different than in clusters. The large scale structure around rich clusters are dynamic places for galaxy evolution. In the case of RXJ1347 the transformation may start within infalling groups to finish with the removal of the cold gas once galaxies are accreted in massive systems. (ABRIDGED)Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA